Chapter F — Agriculture & Food Systems

Coverage: 1 January 2025 – 3 June 2026 Sources: MoA&FW, PIB, ICAR, FCI, CCEA, NITI Aayog, Economic Survey 2025-26, Union Budget 2025-26 & 2026-27, NABARD, APEDA, FAO, WTO (agriculture), PRS, The Hindu, Indian Express, Down To Earth, Kurukshetra. Static link backbone: NCERT Class 11 Indian Economic Development (Agriculture ch.); Shankar IAS Agriculture notes; India Year Book 2026 (Agriculture chapter); Economic Survey 2025-26 Vol. 2 (Chapter on Agriculture & Food Management).

Contents (35 Topics)

1. PM-KISAN — 18th & 19th instalments + e-KYC mandate
2. Minimum Support Price (MSP) — Kharif 2025 & Rabi 2025-26 announcements
3. Swaminathan Commission formula — MSP at C2+50% status
4. Natural Farming — PM Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Nourishment and Improvement of Mother Earth (PM-PRANAM) + National Mission on Natural Farming
5. Digital Agriculture Mission 2025-26
6. Nano-DAP (Di-Ammonium Phosphate) + Nano Urea — IFFCO + Coromandel
7. PM Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) — 10 years review + revisions
8. Kisan Credit Card (KCC) — fisheries, dairy expansion + interest subvention
9. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF) — utilisation update
10. e-NAM 2.0 — electronic National Agriculture Market expansion
11. National Food Security Act (NFSA) — free foodgrain extension to Dec 2028
12. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) — merger into NFSA
13. One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) — portability statistics
14. FCI restructuring + decentralised procurement update
15. Ethanol Blending Programme — E20 timeline + sugar diversion policy
16. PM-AASHA — Price Support Scheme, Price Deficiency Payment, Private Procurement
17. Operation Greens — TOP to TOTAL expansion
18. Agricultural export policy 2025 — APEDA + Agri Export Zones
19. WTO 13th Ministerial Conference (Abu Dhabi, Feb 2024) — public stockholding
20. India's foodgrain production 2024-25 — record 332 MT (4th Advance Estimate)
21. Crop diversification — millets (Shree Anna), oilseeds mission
22. National Mission on Edible Oils (NMEO-Oil Palm) — progress
23. National Livestock Mission + Rashtriya Gokul Mission
24. Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) — Blue Revolution
25. Aquaculture & marine fisheries — Sagar Parikrama, Kisan Credit Card for fishers
26. Per Drop More Crop (PDMC) — micro-irrigation + Jal Jeevan Mission linkage
27. PM Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) — Har Khet Ko Pani
28. National Bamboo Mission + Agroforestry policy
29. Contract Farming — Model APLM Act + FPO (Farmer Producer Organisation) push
30. Cooperatives — new Ministry (est. 2021) + PACS digitisation + Multi-State Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Act 2023
31. Sahakar Se Samriddhi — cooperative sector reforms
32. GM crops — Bt cotton, GM mustard (DMH-11) Supreme Court status
33. Biofortification — HarvestPlus, ICAR varieties (zinc wheat, iron pearl millet)
34. Climate-resilient agriculture — NICRA, drought-tolerant + flood-tolerant rice varieties
35. Agriculture census 2021-22 — key findings + average landholding trends

1. PM-KISAN — 18th & 19th Instalments

In Brief: Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) — direct income support scheme providing ₹6,000/year in three equal instalments (₹2,000 each) to all landholder farmer families. Launched February 2019. Nodal ministry: MoA&FW.

• 18th instalment: Released October 2025 — ~₹20,000 crore to ~9.5 crore beneficiaries.
• 19th instalment: Released February 2026 — timed with Union Budget session.
• Cumulative disbursement: Over ₹3.24 lakh crore since inception (as of March 2026).
• e-KYC mandate: From 2024 Kharif cycle, Aadhaar-based e-KYC (face authentication or OTP) mandatory; ~8% beneficiaries dropped due to non-compliance.
• Land Seeding: Farmer land records digitally linked with state revenue databases for verification.
• Exclusion criteria: Institutional landholders, income-tax payees (previous assessment year), former/serving constitutional post holders, professionals (doctors, engineers, lawyers, CAs registered with professional bodies).
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. ₹6,000/year in 3 instalments of ₹2,000
  2. Applicable to all landholder farmer families (not landless labourers)
  3. 100% centrally funded
  4. DBT via Aadhaar-linked bank accounts
  5. e-KYC (Aadhaar) mandatory from 2024
• Trap areas: PM-KISAN covers landholders only — landless agricultural labourers not covered. It is NOT based on landholding size ceiling (no upper limit on land ownership, but other exclusions apply). The scheme is a Central Sector scheme (not Centrally Sponsored).
• One-line revision: PM-KISAN = ₹6,000/yr in 3 instalments; all landholder families; Central Sector; 100% GoI funded; e-KYC mandatory; 19th instalment Feb 2026.

2. MSP — Kharif 2025 & Rabi 2025-26

In Brief: Minimum Support Price (MSP) announced by CCEA on recommendation of Commission for Agricultural Costs & Prices (CACP). MSP covers 22 mandatory crops + 1 (sugarcane FRP). For Kharif 2025, paddy MSP set at ₹2,380/quintal (up from ₹2,300 in Kharif 2024).

• CACP (est. 1965): Statutory advisory body; recommends MSP based on A2+FL cost and market conditions. Renamed from Agricultural Prices Commission (1985).
• Cost concepts:
  • A2: Actual paid-out costs (seeds, fertilisers, labour, fuel, irrigation).
  • A2+FL: A2 + imputed value of unpaid family labour.
  • C2: A2+FL + rental value of own land + interest on fixed capital (comprehensive cost).
• Kharif 2025 highlights: Paddy ₹2,380; Jowar ₹3,470; Bajra ₹2,725; Maize ₹2,290; Tur (Arhar) ₹7,750; Cotton (medium staple) ₹7,321.
• Rabi 2025-26: Wheat ₹2,475/quintal (up from ₹2,275); Gram ₹5,650; Mustard ₹5,950; Lentil (Masur) ₹6,425.
• Swaminathan Formula: MS Swaminathan Committee (NCF, 2006) recommended MSP at C2+50%. Government maintains MSP is at least 1.5x A2+FL (not C2+50%).
• No legal guarantee: MSP has no statutory backing; procurement is government policy. Demands for MSP legalisation ongoing (farmer protests 2020-21, Punjab protests 2024).
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. MSP covers 23 crops (22 + sugarcane FRP)
  2. CACP recommends; CCEA approves
  3. Government claims MSP ≥ 1.5× A2+FL cost
  4. Swaminathan Commission formula = C2+50%
  5. MSP is NOT legally enforceable — it is an administrative price
• Trap areas: MSP ≠ procurement guarantee. Having MSP does not mean government buys all produce. Effective procurement happens mainly for paddy and wheat via FCI/state agencies. CACP is not a constitutional body.
• One-line revision: MSP = 23 crops; CACP recommends; CCEA approves; Govt uses A2+FL×1.5; Swaminathan = C2+50%; no legal guarantee.

3. Swaminathan Commission — C2+50% Status

In Brief: National Commission on Farmers (NCF) chaired by Prof. M.S. Swaminathan (2004-06) submitted 5 reports. Key recommendation: MSP should be at least 50% profit margin over C2 cost (comprehensive cost including imputed rent of land + interest on capital).

• Current government position (2025-26): MSP is fixed at minimum 1.5× A2+FL (not C2+50%). Budget 2026-27 reaffirms this formula.
• Farmer demand: Legal guarantee of procurement at C2+50% — central demand during 2020-21 farm laws agitation and 2024 Punjab-Haryana protests.
• High-Level Committee (2024): Formed under former ISRO chairman; first meeting held; no final report as of June 2026.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. NCF submitted reports 2004-06
  2. C2 = most comprehensive cost (includes rent + interest on capital)
  3. Not yet implemented by any government
• Trap areas: "1.5 times MSP" mentioned by government refers to A2+FL, not C2. A2+FL is significantly lower than C2 for most crops.
• One-line revision: Swaminathan NCF: MSP ≥ C2+50%; Govt gives ≥ 1.5×A2+FL; legal guarantee not enacted.

4. Natural Farming — PM-PRANAM & National Mission

In Brief: Government launched National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) as a standalone Centrally Sponsored Scheme in Budget 2025-26 with outlay of ₹2,481 crore (initially under NMSA, now independent). Target: 1 crore farmers on 7.5 lakh hectares by 2025-26 end, scaling to 2 crore farmers by 2027-28.

• PM-PRANAM (Programme for Restoration, Awareness, Nourishment and Improvement of Mother Earth): Incentivises states to reduce chemical fertiliser use; savings from subsidy reduction shared with states (50% of subsidy savings as grant — 70% to farmers, 30% to infrastructure).
• Natural Farming principles: Zero external input, cow-based (Beejamrit, Jeevamrit, Mulching, Whapasa); differs from organic farming (which allows certified organic inputs).
• Key difference from Organic Farming:
  • Organic = certified; may use external organic inputs; 3-year conversion.
  • Natural = zero-budget (ZBNF lineage from Subhash Palekar); cow-dung based.
• Andhra Pradesh model: State-wide ZBNF through RySS (Rythu Sadhikara Samstha) — 10 lakh farmers enrolled.
• Budget 2026-27 provision: Continued with expanded allocation for bio-input resource centres (BRCs) in every block.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. NMNF target: 1 crore farmers across 7.5 lakh hectares
  2. PM-PRANAM incentivises states to cut chemical fertiliser use
  3. Natural farming ≠ Organic farming (no certification needed, zero budget)
  4. Jeevamrit/Beejamrit are key preparations
• Trap areas: Natural farming does not use any chemical OR external organic inputs. Organic farming allows external certified inputs. PM-PRANAM is NOT a direct farmer subsidy — it incentivises states.
• One-line revision: NMNF = ₹2,481 cr; 1 cr farmers; zero-budget cow-based; PM-PRANAM incentivises states to cut fertiliser subsidy.

5. Digital Agriculture Mission 2025-26

In Brief: Digital Agriculture Mission (DAM) announced in Union Budget 2025-26 with allocation of ₹2,817 crore. Aims to create digital crop survey, Agri Stack (farmers' registry + land records + crop sown), and Kisan-e-Mitra chatbot for advisory services.

• Agri Stack (India Digital Ecosystem of Agriculture — IDEA): Three layers — Farmer ID (linked to Aadhaar + land records), Geo-referenced village maps, Crop sown data via remote sensing.
• Digital Crop Survey: Pilot in 400 districts (2025-26); real-time geo-tagged crop data uploaded by village-level workers using mobile app.
• Drone-Didi initiative (2024-25): 15,000 SHGs trained for agri-drone spraying; linked to DAM.
• AI/ML integration: Pest early warning system using satellite + weather data; crop yield prediction models deployed at district level.
• Kisan-e-Mitra: AI-powered advisory chatbot (multilingual) — linked to PM-KISAN, KCC, soil health card databases.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. DAM allocation: ₹2,817 crore (Budget 2025-26)
  2. Agri Stack has 3 layers: Farmer ID, Geo-maps, Crop data
  3. Digital crop survey pilot: 400 districts
  4. Drone-Didi: 15,000 SHGs trained for drone operations
• Trap areas: Digital Agriculture Mission is different from e-NAM. DAM focuses on data infrastructure; e-NAM is a market platform.
• One-line revision: DAM = ₹2,817 cr; Agri Stack (Farmer ID + geo-maps + crop data); digital crop survey in 400 districts; Drone-Didi; Kisan-e-Mitra AI.

6. Nano-DAP & Nano Urea

In Brief: After Nano Urea (liquid) commercialised by IFFCO in 2021, Nano DAP (Di-Ammonium Phosphate) launched in 2024 — world's first nano-DAP by IFFCO. Both aim to reduce bulk fertiliser dependency and subsidy burden.

• Nano Urea: 500 ml bottle replaces one 45-kg bag of conventional urea; contains 4% nitrogen in nano form; foliar spray on leaves; ₹244/bottle (vs ₹266 for 45-kg urea bag post-subsidy).
• Nano DAP: Contains nano-form nitrogen (8%) and phosphorus (16%); replaces one 50-kg bag of conventional DAP (₹1,350 post-subsidy).
• Coromandel International: Also entered nano fertiliser segment in 2025 (nano-DAP + nano-zinc).
• Fertiliser subsidy (2026-27 BE): ₹1.64 lakh crore — nano products expected to reduce subsidy by ₹30,000 crore over 5 years (NITI Aayog estimate).
• Criticism: Some agronomists question efficacy; ICAR trials show mixed results for heavy-nutrient-demanding crops.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. IFFCO developed both Nano Urea (2021) and Nano DAP (2024)
  2. Nano Urea: 500 ml replaces 45-kg bag; foliar spray
  3. Nano DAP: contains N (8%) + P (16%) in nano form
  4. Aim: reduce subsidy burden + improve nutrient use efficiency
• Trap areas: Nano fertilisers are foliar-applied (sprayed on leaves), NOT soil-applied like conventional fertilisers. They supplement, not fully replace, soil nutrition.
• One-line revision: IFFCO Nano Urea (2021) + Nano DAP (2024); foliar spray; 500 ml = 1 bag; reduces subsidy; world's first nano-DAP.

7. PM Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY) — 10 Years

In Brief: PMFBY launched January 2016 — India's flagship crop insurance scheme. Completed 10 years (2026). Covers all food, oilseed, horticulture crops. Premium: 2% Kharif, 1.5% Rabi, 5% horticulture/commercial (rest paid by Centre + state equally).

• Key features: Based on area-approach, uses technology (satellite imagery + drones + weather stations) for faster claim settlement, covers pre-sowing to post-harvest losses.
• Performance (2016-2026): ₹1.6 lakh crore claims paid; ~50 crore farmer applications; claim ratio ~87%.
• 2020 reforms: Made voluntary for all farmers (earlier mandatory for loanee farmers); states allowed to select add-on covers.
• States opted out: Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, Telangana, Gujarat — run own schemes or BKKY.
• Budget 2026-27: Allocation of ₹15,500 crore for PMFBY; new parametric/index-based pilot in 50 districts for faster settlement.
• Technology integration: WINDS (Weather Information Network Data Systems), CROPIC (satellite yield estimation), YES-TECH platform.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. Premium: 2% Kharif, 1.5% Rabi, 5% horticulture
  2. Launched January 2016; completed 10 years
  3. Made voluntary for all farmers from 2020
  4. Area-approach based (not individual farm)
  5. Centre + state share premium subsidy equally
• Trap areas: PMFBY premium percentages are caps for farmers; actual premiums may be higher (government pays the difference). It replaced NAIS and MNAIS. Some states have opted out but run parallel schemes.
• One-line revision: PMFBY = 2% Kharif, 1.5% Rabi, 5% commercial; voluntary from 2020; area-approach; ₹1.6 lakh cr claims in 10 years.

8. Kisan Credit Card (KCC) — Expanded Coverage

In Brief: KCC (launched 1998) provides short-term credit to farmers at subsidised interest rate (4% effective after subvention). Now extended to animal husbandry (dairy), fisheries, and SHG members.

• Interest subvention: Loans up to ₹3 lakh at 7% (9% standard) — further 3% prompt repayment incentive = effective 4%.
• Fisheries/dairy KCC: Announced Budget 2018-19; operational guidelines issued 2020; ~38 lakh KCCs issued to fishers and dairy farmers by March 2026.
• PM-KISAN beneficiaries: Drive to issue KCC to all PM-KISAN beneficiaries — 73% coverage achieved.
• Budget 2026-27: Modified KCC for 5 crore farmers with enhanced credit limit from ₹3 lakh to ₹5 lakh (announced for marginal farmers in select districts).
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. KCC effective interest: 4% (with prompt repayment)
  2. Extended to fisheries and dairy farmers
  3. Loan limit for interest subvention: ₹3 lakh (enhanced to ₹5 lakh in pilot)
  4. Covers crop + allied activities (dairy, fisheries, poultry)
• Trap areas: KCC interest subvention applies only up to ₹3 lakh. Above that, normal banking rates apply. KCC is NOT a grant or subsidy — it is a credit facility.
• One-line revision: KCC = 4% effective rate (up to ₹3L); now covers fisheries + dairy; Budget 2026-27 pilots ₹5L limit.

9. Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF)

In Brief: AIF — ₹1 lakh crore financing facility (launched July 2020) for post-harvest management, community farming assets, and agri-infrastructure at farm-gate/aggregation points. Credit-linked, not direct subsidy.

• Structure: Medium-to-long-term loans by banks/NBFCs with 3% interest subvention (on loans up to ₹2 crore) and CGTMSE credit guarantee coverage.
• Eligible entities: FPOs, PACS, SHGs, start-ups, agri-entrepreneurs, state agencies, APMCs.
• Targets: Cold storage, warehouses, sorting/grading/packaging units, ripening chambers, e-NAM integration.
• Utilisation (March 2026): ~₹47,000 crore sanctioned; ~28,000 projects; cold storage (~7,000 units) is top category.
• Budget 2026-27: Extended till 2032-33 (from original 2025-26 sunset); allocation refreshed.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. ₹1 lakh crore financing facility (not direct expenditure)
  2. 3% interest subvention on loans up to ₹2 crore
  3. Launched July 2020; extended to 2032-33
  4. Open to FPOs, PACS, start-ups, APMCs
• Trap areas: AIF is a financing facility (banks lend, government subsidises interest) — it is NOT a government grant. The ₹1 lakh crore is loan disbursement capacity, not budgetary expenditure.
• One-line revision: AIF = ₹1L cr loan facility; 3% subvention; post-harvest infra at farm-gate; extended to 2032-33.

10. e-NAM 2.0 — Electronic National Agriculture Market

In Brief: e-NAM (launched April 2016) — pan-India electronic trading portal linking APMC mandis. By 2026: 1,389 mandis integrated across 23 states/UTs; ~1.78 crore farmer registrations.

• e-NAM 2.0 (2025): Platform upgrade — inter-state trade without physical presence; quality assaying at mandi gate; integration with FPO aggregation.
• Logistics module: Partnered with ONDC for last-mile transport; warehouse-based trading without lot present in mandi.
• Languages: Available in 12 languages; mobile app for farmers.
• Limitations: Actual inter-mandi trade remains low (~10% of total trades); most states haven't done required APMC Act amendments.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. Launched April 2016 by MoA&FW
  2. ~1,389 mandis integrated (2026)
  3. Linked with APMC mandis — requires state APMC reforms
  4. Enables inter-state trade of agricultural commodities
• Trap areas: e-NAM does NOT bypass APMCs — it integrates them digitally. States must amend APMC Acts to allow e-NAM inter-mandi trade. Agriculture is a state subject.
• One-line revision: e-NAM = 1,389 mandis; pan-India digital trade portal; needs APMC reforms by states; 2.0 upgrade enables warehouse-based trade.

11. NFSA — Free Foodgrain Extension to Dec 2028

In Brief: National Food Security Act, 2013 covers ~81.35 crore persons (67% of population based on 2011 Census). Provides rice at ₹3/kg, wheat at ₹2/kg, coarse grains at ₹1/kg. Government extended free foodgrain (zero price) under PMGKAY/NFSA till December 2028 (announced Budget 2026-27).

• Entitlement: Priority Households (PHH): 5 kg/person/month. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY): 35 kg/household/month.
• PMGKAY merger: Free grain (initially pandemic response, April 2020-Dec 2022) merged into NFSA framework from January 2024 at zero price — ₹2 lakh crore annual cost to exchequer.
• One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC): Biometric portability across states — ~100% coverage across 36 states/UTs; ~107 crore portability transactions by March 2026.
• Foodgrain allocation 2025-26: ~600 lakh MT for NFSA + other welfare schemes.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. NFSA covers 67% population; rice ₹3, wheat ₹2, coarse grain ₹1 (but currently free)
  2. PHH: 5 kg/person/month; AAY: 35 kg/household/month
  3. Free grain extended to December 2028
  4. ONORC: 100% national portability achieved
• Trap areas: NFSA prices are ₹1-₹3 per kg in the Act, but government gives free (absorbs cost via executive order). ONORC is portability, not universalisation.
• One-line revision: NFSA = 81 cr persons, 67% population; free till Dec 2028; ONORC = 100% portability; PHH 5kg, AAY 35kg.

12. PMGKAY — Merger into NFSA

In Brief: Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana launched April 2020 (COVID response) — provided 5 kg free foodgrain/person/month to NFSA beneficiaries (additional to regular NFSA entitlement). Ran till December 2022. From January 2024, integrated into NFSA at zero price (effective continuation).

• Total outgo (Apr 2020-Dec 2022): ~₹3.91 lakh crore for PMGKAY standalone.
• Current status (2025-26): PMGKAY as a separate scheme no longer exists; free grain provision absorbed into NFSA budget line.
• Impact: India's largest food security intervention during pandemic; reached ~80 crore beneficiaries monthly.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. PMGKAY was 5 kg additional (over NFSA entitlement) during 2020-22
  2. Cost: ~₹3.91 lakh crore over 2.5 years
  3. Now merged into NFSA at zero price from Jan 2024
• Trap areas: PMGKAY is no longer a running scheme — questions may still appear asking about its status. The "free grain" provision continues under NFSA, not PMGKAY.
• One-line revision: PMGKAY (Apr 2020-Dec 2022) = 5 kg extra free grain; cost ₹3.91L cr; merged into NFSA free provision from Jan 2024.

13. One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC)

In Brief: ONORC enables NFSA beneficiaries to lift subsidised/free foodgrain from any Fair Price Shop (FPS) across India using biometric (Aadhaar) authentication. Ensures portability for migrant workers.

• Coverage: All 36 states/UTs on-boarded; 100% FPS (>5.3 lakh) have electronic Point-of-Sale (ePoS) machines.
• Transactions (cumulative to March 2026): ~107 crore portability transactions (inter-state + intra-state).
• Technology: Aadhaar + Integrated Management of PDS (IM-PDS) portal + Annavitran portal.
• Supreme Court (2020-21): Directed states to implement ONORC for migrant workers during COVID.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. All 36 states/UTs on board
  2. Aadhaar-based biometric authentication at ePoS
  3. ~107 crore portability transactions
  4. Helps migrant workers access PDS anywhere
• Trap areas: ONORC doesn't increase entitlement — it allows portability of existing entitlement. It requires Aadhaar seeding and ePoS connectivity.
• One-line revision: ONORC = PDS portability via Aadhaar; all 36 states/UTs; 5.3L FPS with ePoS; 107 cr transactions.

14. FCI Restructuring & Decentralised Procurement

In Brief: Food Corporation of India (est. 1965) is the nodal agency for procurement, storage, and distribution under NFSA. Operates through Central Pool — wheat and rice stocks. Decentralised Procurement Scheme (DCP) allows states to procure, store, and distribute independently; FCI manages deficit states.

• Procurement 2024-25 (Kharif rice): ~530 lakh MT; (Wheat Rabi 2024-25): ~267 lakh MT.
• Storage capacity (2026): ~840 lakh MT (FCI + state agencies + private hired).
• Restructuring recommendations: Shanta Kumar Committee (2015) recommended reducing NFSA coverage to 40%, cash transfers, end open-ended procurement. Not implemented.
• Food subsidy 2026-27 (BE): ₹2.05 lakh crore (largest single subsidy item).
• Warehouse modernisation: Silo construction under PPP; target 100 LMT silo capacity by 2028.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. FCI established 1965 under Food Corporations Act
  2. DCP scheme: states procure independently in surplus states
  3. Central Pool: combined wheat + rice stock managed by FCI
  4. Food subsidy 2026-27: ₹2.05 lakh crore
• Trap areas: FCI does NOT set MSP (CCEA does). FCI procures at MSP — it is an implementing agency, not a policy body. Buffer stock norms are different from actual stocks held.
• One-line revision: FCI (1965) = procurement + storage + distribution; DCP for surplus states; food subsidy ₹2.05L cr; Shanta Kumar Committee recommendations mostly unimplemented.

15. Ethanol Blending Programme — E20

In Brief: India's Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP) targets 20% ethanol blending in petrol (E20) by 2025-26 (advanced from original 2030). As of March 2026, blending ratio reached ~16.8% nationally.

• Policy push: National Policy on Biofuels 2018 (amended 2022) — allows new feedstocks (rice, damaged grains, maize, sugarcane juice, surplus rice from FCI).
• Sugar diversion: CCEA sets annual ethanol supply year quotas from sugarcane juice/B-heavy molasses/C-heavy molasses. 2025-26 supply year: ~1,016 crore litres contracted.
• Second-generation (2G) ethanol: IOCL Panipat plant (2022) — rice straw based. Additional plants at Bathinda, Numaligarh.
• Vehicle compatibility: All new vehicles sold after April 2023 mandated E20-compatible; flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) pilot launched.
• Environmental benefit: E20 reduces CO2 emissions by ~7%, reduces oil import bill by ~₹35,000 crore/year.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. Target: E20 by 2025-26 (advanced from 2030)
  2. Current blending: ~16.8% (March 2026)
  3. Feedstocks: sugarcane, damaged foodgrains, maize, rice
  4. National Policy on Biofuels 2018 (amended 2022)
  5. 2G ethanol from rice straw at Panipat (IOCL)
• Trap areas: Ethanol blending target is 20% in petrol, NOT diesel. India does not blend ethanol in diesel (unlike Brazil). E20 = 20% ethanol + 80% petrol.
• One-line revision: EBP = E20 by 2025-26; 16.8% achieved; sugarcane + foodgrains; Policy 2018 (amended 2022); 2G from rice straw.

16. PM-AASHA

In Brief: Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) — umbrella scheme (launched 2018) with 3 components: (1) Price Support Scheme (PSS), (2) Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS), (3) Pilot of Private Procurement & Stockist Scheme (PPSS).

• PSS: Physical procurement of pulses, oilseeds, copra at MSP by NAFED/FCI (when market price < MSP).
• PDPS: Difference between MSP and actual selling/modal price paid directly to farmer's account (no physical procurement); piloted in Madhya Pradesh (Bhavantar Bhugtan).
• PPSS: Private agencies procure at MSP; government compensates them up to 15% over MSP.
• Budget 2026-27: ₹4,000 crore allocation; expanded to 10 additional crops.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. Three components: PSS, PDPS, PPSS
  2. Launched 2018 for pulses, oilseeds, copra
  3. PSS = physical procurement by NAFED
  4. PDPS = cash transfer of price deficiency (no procurement)
• Trap areas: PM-AASHA is for pulses/oilseeds/copra (NOT for rice/wheat — those have FCI procurement). PDPS is different from MSP procurement — no physical buying.
• One-line revision: PM-AASHA (2018) = PSS + PDPS + PPSS; for pulses/oilseeds/copra; NAFED procurement or cash deficiency payment.

17. Operation Greens — TOP to TOTAL

In Brief: Operation Greens launched 2018 with ₹500 crore for TOP (Tomato, Onion, Potato) price stabilisation. During COVID (2020), extended to TOTAL (all fruits & vegetables) with 50% transport + storage subsidy for perishables.

• Implementing agency: MoFPI (Ministry of Food Processing Industries).
• Objective: Reduce price volatility of perishables; create farm-gate infrastructure; link farmers to processors/retailers.
• Current status (2025-26): Integrated into PM Kisan SAMPADA Yojana ecosystem; focus on value chains of 22 perishable clusters.
• Kisan Rail (Indian Railways): Refrigerated parcel vans at 50% subsidy under Operation Greens.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. TOP = Tomato, Onion, Potato (2018)
  2. TOTAL extension: all fruits and vegetables (2020 COVID)
  3. Implementing agency: MoFPI
  4. 50% transport + storage subsidy for perishables
• Trap areas: Operation Greens is a MoFPI scheme, not MoA&FW. TOTAL was a pandemic-era extension, not a permanent universal scheme (though continued).
• One-line revision: Operation Greens = TOP to TOTAL; MoFPI; 50% subsidy on transport + storage of perishables; linked to Kisan Rail.

18. Agricultural Export Policy 2025

In Brief: Agriculture Export Policy (first version Dec 2018) aims to double agri-exports by 2025 (from $38 bn baseline). Revised 2025 edition targets $100 billion agri-exports by 2030. Focus: value-added products, processed foods, GI-tagged products.

• APEDA (Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority): Statutory body under MoCI; promotes export of agri/processed foods.
• Key exports (2024-25): Marine products ($7.4 bn), rice (non-basmati + basmati — $10.3 bn combined), spices ($4.2 bn), sugar ($2.1 bn), cotton.
• Export bans/restrictions: Rice export bans (non-basmati white, 2023-24) partially lifted 2025; onion export restrictions remain seasonal.
• Agri Export Zones: Cluster-based approach in 60 zones across states; mixed results.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. Agri Export Policy 2018 — revised 2025
  2. Target: $100 billion by 2030
  3. APEDA is the promoting body under MoCI
  4. Top exports: marine, rice, spices, sugar
• Trap areas: APEDA is under Ministry of Commerce (not Agriculture). Agri-export policy includes processed food. Export bans are executive decisions by DGFT, not APEDA.
• One-line revision: Agri Export Policy revised 2025; $100 bn target by 2030; APEDA (MoCI); top: marine + rice + spices.

19. WTO MC13 — Public Stockholding

In Brief: WTO 13th Ministerial Conference (MC13, Abu Dhabi, Feb-Mar 2024) — India's key demand: permanent solution for public stockholding (PSH) for food security. No breakthrough; interim peace clause continues (protection from dispute if MSP-based procurement breaches de minimis).

• Peace clause (Bali 2013, extended Nairobi 2015): India's PSH programmes (rice, wheat procurement at MSP for NFSA) protected from WTO dispute challenges until permanent solution found.
• India's position: MSP-based procurement for food security is non-negotiable; developed countries' farm subsidies far exceed India's.
• De minimis rule: WTO allows trade-distorting domestic support up to 10% of value of production for developing countries. India argues its MSP procurement exceeds 10% for rice.
• MC14: Scheduled for Cameroon, 2026 — permanent solution remains on agenda.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. MC13 in Abu Dhabi, Feb-Mar 2024
  2. Peace clause protects India's PSH from dispute
  3. De minimis: 10% of value of production for developing countries
  4. No permanent solution yet; interim peace clause continues
  5. MC14: Cameroon, 2026
• Trap areas: The peace clause is an interim mechanism, NOT a permanent solution. India's MSP-based procurement is the issue (not MSP declaration per se).
• One-line revision: WTO MC13 (Abu Dhabi 2024): no permanent PSH solution; peace clause continues; India's de minimis breach on rice; MC14 Cameroon 2026.

20. India's Foodgrain Production 2024-25 — Record 332 MT

In Brief: India's total foodgrain production in 2024-25 estimated at 332.29 million tonnes (4th Advance Estimate) — a new record. Cereals: ~268 MT; Pulses: ~24.5 MT; Oilseeds: ~42 MT (separate from foodgrains).

• Key crops: Rice 139 MT, Wheat 115 MT, Coarse cereals (Shree Anna/millets) ~32 MT, Pulses ~24.5 MT.
• Horticulture 2024-25: ~355 MT (fruits + vegetables); India = world's 2nd largest producer (after China).
• India's global ranking: 1st in milk, 2nd in fruits/vegetables/rice/wheat/sugarcane/fish, 3rd in cereals.
• Agriculture GDP share (2025-26): ~14.6% of GDP; employs ~42% of workforce.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. Foodgrain 2024-25: 332 MT (record)
  2. Rice: 139 MT; Wheat: 115 MT
  3. Agriculture: ~14.6% GDP, ~42% employment
  4. India: 2nd largest food producer globally; 1st in milk
• Trap areas: "Foodgrain" includes cereals + pulses (NOT oilseeds or sugarcane). Horticulture production exceeds foodgrain production in tonnage.
• One-line revision: Foodgrain 2024-25 = 332 MT (record); rice 139, wheat 115; Agri = 14.6% GDP, 42% jobs; India 1st in milk, 2nd in food production.

21. Millets (Shree Anna) & Crop Diversification

In Brief: India led the International Year of Millets (IYM) 2023 — UN resolution sponsored by India; adopted by 72 countries. Post-IYM, government continues Shree Anna (millets) promotion through crop diversification policy, inclusion in PDS, mid-day meals, ICDS.

• Key millets: Bajra (pearl millet), Jowar (sorghum), Ragi (finger millet), Foxtail millet, Kodo, Barnyard, Little millet, Proso.
• India's production: ~18 MT millets (2024-25); largest producer globally.
• Policy measures (2025-26): Millets in PDS (pilot in 14 states); ICAR development of HYVs; Millet Board constitution; inclusion in PM POSHAN (mid-day meals); APEDA export push.
• National Oilseeds Mission (2025-26): Budget 2025-26 allocated ₹10,103 crore for self-sufficiency in edible oils (mustard, soybean, groundnut, sunflower, oil palm).
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. IYM 2023 — India's proposal adopted at UN
  2. India = world's largest millet producer (~18 MT)
  3. Millets now in PDS, mid-day meals, ICDS
  4. National Oilseeds Mission: ₹10,103 crore (Budget 2025-26)
• Trap areas: Millets are nutri-cereals (not pulses). India is the largest producer of millets globally. IYM was 2023 (not 2024).
• One-line revision: Shree Anna: IYM 2023 (India-led); India #1 millet producer (18 MT); millets in PDS + MDM; Oilseeds Mission ₹10,103 cr.

22. National Mission on Edible Oils — Oil Palm (NMEO-OP)

In Brief: NMEO-Oil Palm launched August 2021 with ₹11,040 crore outlay (over 5 years) to boost domestic edible oil production and reduce import dependence (India imports ~60% of edible oil needs — $20 bn annually).

• Target: Additional 6.5 lakh hectares under oil palm (mostly NE India + Andaman & Nicobar); total oil palm area from ~3.7 lakh ha to ~10 lakh ha by 2025-26.
• Viability Price (VP): Government guarantees a Viability Price linked to international CPO (Crude Palm Oil) prices; minimum ₹29,500/MT FFB.
• Price Assurance: If market price falls below VP, government pays 60% of difference, state pays 40%.
• Progress (March 2026): ~2.1 lakh hectares additional planted; NE states (Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland) + A&N leading.
• Criticism: Environmental concerns over monoculture in NE; biodiversity impact.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. Launched August 2021; ₹11,040 crore
  2. Focus: NE India + Andaman & Nicobar
  3. Viability Price mechanism for oil palm growers
  4. India imports ~60% edible oil needs
• Trap areas: NMEO-OP focuses specifically on oil palm (not all oilseeds — that is a separate National Oilseeds Mission). Oil palm takes 4-5 years to first yield.
• One-line revision: NMEO-OP (Aug 2021) = ₹11,040 cr; oil palm in NE + A&N; Viability Price mechanism; target 10L ha; India imports 60% edible oil.

23. National Livestock Mission & Rashtriya Gokul Mission

In Brief: National Livestock Mission (NLM, 2014-15): Sustainable development of livestock — entrepreneurship in poultry, small ruminants, pigs, feed/fodder. Rashtriya Gokul Mission (RGM, 2014): Conservation and development of indigenous bovine breeds; breed improvement through AI (Artificial Insemination), IVF, sex-sorted semen.

• RGM achievement (2025-26): Over 7 crore artificial inseminations/year; indigenous breed semen doses doubled; Gokul Grams (integrated cattle centres) in 16 states.
• India's milk production (2024-25): ~240 MT — world's largest (30% global share).
• Per-capita availability: ~471 grams/day (2024-25) vs ICMR recommendation of 300g.
• White Revolution 2.0 (Animal Husbandry Infrastructure Development Fund — AHIDF): ₹15,000 crore credit guarantee facility for dairy processing plants.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. India = world's largest milk producer (~240 MT)
  2. RGM: indigenous breed conservation + AI + IVF
  3. NLM: entrepreneurship in poultry, sheep, goat, pig
  4. AHIDF: ₹15,000 crore for dairy infra
• Trap areas: India is the largest milk producer but NOT the largest exporter (NZ, EU dominate exports). RGM focuses on indigenous breeds, not exotic.
• One-line revision: India: 240 MT milk (#1 globally); RGM = indigenous breed conservation; NLM = livestock entrepreneurship; AHIDF ₹15,000 cr.

24. PM Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) — Blue Revolution

In Brief: PMMSY launched September 2020 — flagship scheme for fisheries with ₹20,050 crore investment (2020-25) to achieve Blue Revolution. Target: fish production to 22 MT by 2024-25 (from 14.2 MT in 2019-20).

• Achievement (2024-25): Fish production ~18.3 MT; target revised to 25 MT by 2027-28.
• India's ranking: 3rd in fisheries production (after China, Indonesia); 2nd in aquaculture.
• Marine fisheries: ~4.2 MT; Inland fisheries: ~14.1 MT (inland dominates).
• Sagar Parikrama (2022-): Coastal awareness and fishermen welfare programme by MoFAH&D.
• Components: Fishing harbours/landing centres, cold chain, seaweed cultivation (₹640 crore sub-scheme), ornamental fisheries, deep-sea fishing vessels.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. PMMSY: ₹20,050 crore (2020-25)
  2. India: 3rd in fish production globally; 2nd in aquaculture
  3. Inland fisheries > Marine in India
  4. Target: 22 MT by 2024-25 (revised to 25 MT by 2027-28)
• Trap areas: India is 3rd (not 2nd) in total fish production. Inland fisheries contribute more than marine in India.
• One-line revision: PMMSY = ₹20,050 cr; Blue Revolution; India 3rd in fish (inland > marine); target 25 MT by 2027-28.

25. Aquaculture & Marine Fisheries — Sagar Parikrama

In Brief: India's fisheries sector employs ~2.8 crore people; contributes ~1.2% to GDP; marine exports ~$7.4 billion (2024-25, largest agri-export item).

• Sagar Parikrama: Pre-decided sea voyages by Minister of Fisheries along the coastline to assess fishermen welfare, infra gaps, review schemes. Started 2022; covers all maritime states.
• Deep-sea fishing policy: Incentives for vessels >15m length; ₹10,000 per fishing trip as diesel subsidy (replaced older scheme).
• Seaweed Park (Tamil Nadu): India's first multi-purpose seaweed park in TN; seaweed cultivation sub-mission under PMMSY.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. Marine exports: largest agri-export (~$7.4 bn)
  2. Sagar Parikrama: coastal voyage for fishermen welfare assessment
  3. Fisheries sector: ~2.8 crore employment
  4. Seaweed Park in Tamil Nadu (first)
• Trap areas: Marine product export is India's single largest agri-export item (bigger than rice by value). Sagar Parikrama is NOT a patrol/surveillance programme — it is a welfare assessment.
• One-line revision: Marine exports $7.4 bn (top agri-export); Sagar Parikrama = welfare assessment voyages; seaweed park in TN; 2.8 cr jobs.

26. Per Drop More Crop (PDMC) — Micro-Irrigation

In Brief: Per Drop More Crop (PDMC) — component of PMKSY — promotes micro-irrigation (drip + sprinkler). Target: additional 10 lakh hectares/year under micro-irrigation. Cumulative coverage (by 2025-26): ~79 lakh hectares (up from 53 lakh ha in 2015).

• Subsidy: 55% for small/marginal farmers; 45% for others on drip/sprinkler systems.
• Budget 2026-27: ₹4,000 crore allocation for PDMC.
• Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF): ₹5,000 crore corpus with NABARD; loans to states for micro-irrigation infra at concessional rates.
• Israel collaboration: Indo-Israel Centres of Excellence (CoEs) — 30 CoEs operational across states for precision agriculture.
• Water use efficiency: Drip saves 30-50% water vs flood irrigation; increases yield by 20-40%.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. PDMC is under PMKSY umbrella
  2. Subsidy: 55% small/marginal, 45% others
  3. ~79 lakh hectares under micro-irrigation (2026)
  4. MIF: ₹5,000 crore with NABARD
• Trap areas: PDMC is a component of PMKSY (not a separate scheme). Micro-irrigation includes BOTH drip and sprinkler (not just drip).
• One-line revision: PDMC (under PMKSY) = micro-irrigation; 55%/45% subsidy; 79L ha covered; MIF ₹5,000 cr with NABARD; 30 Indo-Israel CoEs.

27. PM Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) — Har Khet Ko Pani

In Brief: PMKSY launched 2015 — umbrella scheme with motto "Har Khet Ko Pani, Per Drop More Crop". Three components: (1) Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP), (2) Har Khet Ko Pani (HKKP), (3) Per Drop More Crop (PDMC).

• AIBP: Completing 99 languishing major/medium irrigation projects (under implementation since 2016); 53 projects completed by March 2026; remaining 46 targeted by 2028.
• HKKP: Minor irrigation, groundwater recharge, water harvesting; convergence with MGNREGS.
• Net irrigated area (2024-25): ~76 million hectares (~55% of gross cropped area).
• Budget 2026-27: ₹11,500 crore for PMKSY (all components).
• Ken-Betwa Inter-Linking: First NWDA project approved (2021); ₹44,605 crore; irrigate 10.62 lakh hectares in Bundelkhand.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. PMKSY launched 2015; 3 components (AIBP, HKKP, PDMC)
  2. 99 projects under AIBP; 53 completed
  3. Ken-Betwa: first inter-linking project; ₹44,605 crore
  4. Net irrigated area: ~55% of cropped area
• Trap areas: PMKSY includes irrigation infrastructure (AIBP) + micro-irrigation (PDMC) + water management. It is NOT just about sprinklers.
• One-line revision: PMKSY (2015) = AIBP + HKKP + PDMC; 99 projects; Ken-Betwa (₹44,605 cr) = first inter-linking; ~55% irrigated.

28. National Bamboo Mission & Agroforestry

In Brief: National Bamboo Mission (restructured 2018-19) under MoA&FW with ₹1,290 crore outlay to develop complete value chain — nurseries, plantations, processing, marketing. India = 2nd largest bamboo reserve (after China).

• India's bamboo production: ~14.6 million tonnes; 136 species; NE India = 67% of bamboo area.
• Indian Forest (Amendment) Act 2017: Removed bamboo grown on non-forest land from definition of "tree" — no felling/transit permit needed.
• Agroforestry: Sub-Mission on Agroforestry (SMAF) since 2016-17; promotes trees on farmlands; convergence with MGNREGS, Compensatory Afforestation Fund (CAMPA).
• Bamboo Industrial Park: First operational in Dima Hasao, Assam (2025); processing hub for NE.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. India: 2nd largest bamboo reserve (after China)
  2. Forest Act amended 2017: bamboo on non-forest = not a tree
  3. NE India: 67% of bamboo area
  4. National Bamboo Mission: ₹1,290 crore; under MoA&FW
• Trap areas: Bamboo is legally a grass (not a tree) on non-forest land after 2017 amendment. On forest land, it is still classified as "tree" under IFA 1927.
• One-line revision: Bamboo: India 2nd after China; NE = 67%; Forest Act 2017 denotified on non-forest land; NBM ₹1,290 cr.

29. Contract Farming & FPO Push

In Brief: Government promotes Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) — target 10,000 new FPOs by 2027-28 (announced Budget 2019-20). Central Sector Scheme for FPO formation with ₹6,865 crore. FPOs registered under Companies Act, Cooperative Act, or Societies Act.

• Progress (March 2026): ~7,800 FPOs registered; ~35 lakh farmer members.
• FPO equity grant: ₹15 lakh per FPO (plains); ₹18 lakh (NE/hilly areas) as equity capital.
• Credit guarantee: ₹2 crore per FPO through CGTMSE + NABARD's Producer Organisation Development Fund.
• Model APLM Act (2017): Central model law for states to allow direct marketing, contract farming, and private mandis. Most states partially adopted.
• Contract Farming Act 2018 (Model): Protects farmer's land from alienation; mandates pre-determined price; dispute resolution through designated authority.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. Target: 10,000 FPOs by 2027-28
  2. Equity grant: ₹15-18 lakh per FPO
  3. ~7,800 FPOs formed by March 2026
  4. FPOs can register under Companies/Cooperative/Societies Act
• Trap areas: FPOs are not cooperatives by default — they can be registered as companies (Section 581C of Companies Act). Model APLM Act is advisory; states must adopt (agriculture is state subject).
• One-line revision: 10,000 FPOs target; ₹6,865 cr scheme; equity ₹15-18L; Model APLM Act 2017 advisory; agriculture = state subject.

30. Cooperatives — New Ministry & PACS Digitisation

In Brief: Ministry of Cooperation created July 2021 (carved from MoA&FW) headed by Union Minister. Focus: strengthening cooperative movement; digitisation of ~63,000 Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS).

• PACS digitisation: Computerisation of all PACS with common software (ERP); ₹2,516 crore outlay; convergence with CSC (Common Service Centres).
• Multi-purpose PACS: Beyond credit — now FPS (ration), LPG distribution, insurance, banking correspondent, e-NAM point.
• Multi-State Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Act 2023: Improves governance, election procedures, amalgamation, and winding-up of multi-state cooperatives.
• National Cooperative Policy 2025 (draft): Proposed enabling framework for new-age cooperatives in technology, renewable energy, housing.
• India's cooperative strength: ~8.5 lakh cooperatives; ~30 crore members; 19% of agriculture credit.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. Ministry of Cooperation: created July 2021
  2. PACS digitisation: ₹2,516 crore; ~63,000 PACS
  3. Multi-State Cooperative Societies (Amendment) Act 2023
  4. India has ~8.5 lakh cooperatives
• Trap areas: Cooperatives are in both State List (Entry 32) and Union List (Entry 43 — multi-state cooperatives). The new Ministry handles ONLY central cooperatives and policy.
• One-line revision: Ministry of Cooperation (Jul 2021); PACS digitisation ₹2,516 cr; 63,000 PACS; MSCS Amendment Act 2023; cooperatives in both State + Union List.

31. Sahakar Se Samriddhi — Cooperative Reforms

In Brief: "Sahakar Se Samriddhi" (Prosperity through Cooperatives) — government's vision for cooperative-led rural development. Key initiatives: PACS as multi-service centres, new National Cooperative University, cooperative-based ethanol plants.

• National Cooperative University: Announced 2022; first convocation expected 2026; trains cooperative management cadre.
• Cooperative-based ethanol/solar: 500 cooperative sugar mills identified for ethanol production; pilot of 1 GW solar through cooperative-owned land.
• New cooperative societies for exports: NAFED restructured; Indian Cooperative Coffee/Tea/Spices export federations being strengthened.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. Sahakar Se Samriddhi = government's cooperative vision
  2. National Cooperative University announced
  3. NAFED = National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation (1958)
  4. 500 sugar mills for ethanol via cooperatives
• One-line revision: Sahakar Se Samriddhi = coop-led development; Nat'l Coop University; PACS as service centres; coop ethanol + solar.

32. GM Crops — Bt Cotton & GM Mustard (DMH-11)

In Brief: India has only one commercially approved GM crop: Bt Cotton (since 2002, Monsanto/Bayer Bollgard technology). GM Mustard (DMH-11) developed by Delhi University (Dr. Deepak Pental) — approved for environmental release by GEAC (October 2022) but final commercial approval pending amid legal challenges.

• GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee): Under MoEFCC; apex body for GM biosafety clearance in India.
• Supreme Court (2023-26): PIL challenges to GM mustard; court allowed field trials but commercial release stayed pending comprehensive study; matter sub judice.
• Bt Brinjal: GEAC approved 2009; indefinite moratorium imposed by Environment Minister (Jairam Ramesh, 2010); still not lifted.
• FSSAI position: No GM food allowed in Indian market (labelling mandate if >1% GM content detected).
• HT (Herbicide Tolerant) Bt Cotton: Illegal spread in Gujarat/Maharashtra; government has not approved; enforcement challenges.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. Only approved GM crop in India: Bt Cotton (since 2002)
  2. GEAC is apex GM biosafety body (under MoEFCC)
  3. GM Mustard (DMH-11): GEAC cleared; SC stayed commercial release
  4. Bt Brinjal: moratorium since 2010
• Trap areas: GEAC is under MoEFCC (not MoST or MoA&FW). Bt Cotton is the only GM crop grown commercially; GM mustard is NOT commercially grown. HT cotton is illegal but widespread.
• One-line revision: Only GM crop in India = Bt Cotton (2002); GEAC (MoEFCC) = apex body; GM Mustard (DMH-11) stayed by SC; Bt Brinjal moratorium 2010.

33. Biofortification — ICAR Varieties

In Brief: Biofortification = breeding crop varieties with higher micronutrient content (iron, zinc, Vitamin A, protein) through conventional breeding or agronomic practices (NOT genetic modification).

• ICAR varieties (released 2024-25): Iron-rich pearl millet (Dhanshakti), zinc-rich wheat (WB-02, HD-3298), protein-rich maize, Vitamin A-enriched sweet potato.
• HarvestPlus (CGIAR): International programme supporting India's biofortification; collaborated with ICAR for zinc wheat in UP/Bihar.
• PM POSHAN integration: Biofortified grains being introduced in mid-day meals in 12 states (pilot 2025-26).
• Global Nutrition Report 2025: Highlighted India's biofortification as model for addressing hidden hunger.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. Biofortification ≠ genetic modification (uses conventional breeding)
  2. ICAR develops and releases biofortified varieties
  3. Iron pearl millet, zinc wheat, Vitamin A sweet potato
  4. HarvestPlus is a CGIAR initiative
• Trap areas: Biofortification is NOT GMO technology — it uses conventional breeding and selection. Golden Rice (Vitamin A) is GM; iron pearl millet is NOT GM.
• One-line revision: Biofortification = conventional breeding for micronutrients; ICAR varieties (iron millet, zinc wheat); NOT GM; HarvestPlus/CGIAR.

34. Climate-Resilient Agriculture — NICRA

In Brief: National Innovations in Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA, 2011) — ICAR network project for adaptation/mitigation research. Focus: drought-tolerant rice (Sahbhagi Dhan), flood-tolerant rice (Swarna-Sub1), heat-tolerant wheat varieties.

• Key NICRA outputs (2024-26): Climate-smart village models in 151 vulnerable districts; real-time contingency plans for drought/flood; carbon-sequestration farming pilots.
• Stress-tolerant varieties:
  • Swarna-Sub1: Submergence-tolerant rice (withstands 14 days flooding).
  • Sahbhagi Dhan: Drought-tolerant upland rice.
  • HD-3385, HD-3226: Heat-tolerant wheat (terminal heat stress areas).
  • Pusa Mustard-30: Early-maturing, heat-escaping.
• Carbon farming: Pilot in 5 states (2025-26) — soil organic carbon credits linked to carbon markets.
• IPCC AR6 link: South Asia identified as climate hotspot; Indian agriculture particularly vulnerable to heat stress, erratic monsoons.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. NICRA launched 2011 by ICAR
  2. Swarna-Sub1: flood-tolerant rice (14 days submergence)
  3. Sahbhagi Dhan: drought-tolerant rice
  4. 151 vulnerable districts covered
• Trap areas: NICRA is an ICAR research project, NOT a NMAET/NMSA scheme. Sub-1 gene provides submergence tolerance — it is from conventional/marker-assisted breeding (not GM).
• One-line revision: NICRA (ICAR, 2011) = climate-resilient agriculture; Swarna-Sub1 (flood), Sahbhagi Dhan (drought); 151 districts; carbon farming pilot.

35. Agriculture Census 2021-22 — Key Findings

In Brief: 11th Agriculture Census (reference year 2021-22) — conducted by MoA&FW (Agriculture Census Division). Uses IT-based data collection (first fully digital census). Results released partially in 2025-26.

• Key findings:
  • Total operational holdings: ~16.15 crore (up from 14.57 crore in 2015-16).
  • Average holding size: 0.94 hectares (down from 1.08 ha in 2015-16) — continued fragmentation.
  • Small & marginal farmers (≤2 ha): 87.3% of all holdings; operate 50.3% of area.
  • Women-operated holdings: 18.6% (up from 14.7% in 2015-16; increase partly methodological).
  • SC farmers: ~12.8% of holdings; ST farmers: ~11.2%.
• Significance for UPSC: Land fragmentation, feminisation of agriculture, landlessness trends.
• Probable Prelims Facts:
  1. 11th Ag Census: reference year 2021-22 (first fully digital)
  2. Average holding: 0.94 ha (declining trend)
  3. Small & marginal farmers: 87.3% of holdings
  4. Women-operated: 18.6%
• Trap areas: Agriculture Census is periodic (every 5 years), not annual. It counts "operational holdings" (not ownership). Marginal = <1 ha; Small = 1-2 ha.
• One-line revision: 11th Ag Census (2021-22): 16.15 cr holdings; avg 0.94 ha; 87.3% small/marginal; women 18.6%; first digital census.

Prelims Practice — 15 MCQs

Q1. Consider the following statements about PM-KISAN:

1. It provides ₹6,000 per year to all landless agricultural labourers.
2. It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme with 60:40 sharing.
3. e-KYC (Aadhaar-based) is mandatory from 2024.

Which is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1 and 3

Explanation: PM-KISAN covers landholder families (not landless labourers); it is a Central Sector scheme (100% Centre); e-KYC is mandatory.

Q2. The Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP): (a) Is a constitutional body under Article 338B (b) Is an attached office of MoA&FW that recommends MSP (c) Has the power to legally enforce MSP in open markets (d) Was established under the Essential Commodities Act

Explanation: CACP is an advisory body (attached office of MoA&FW); it recommends MSP which CCEA approves. No legal enforcement power.

Q3. With reference to cost concepts in agriculture, arrange from lowest to highest: (a) A2 < A2+FL < C2 (b) A2+FL < A2 < C2 (c) C2 < A2+FL < A2 (d) A2 < C2 < A2+FL

Explanation: A2 = paid-out costs; A2+FL adds family labour; C2 adds rent of land + interest on capital = most comprehensive.

Q4. The National Mission on Natural Farming (NMNF) is primarily different from organic farming because: (a) NMNF uses chemical fertilisers in reduced quantities (b) NMNF requires third-party certification (c) NMNF uses zero external inputs and is cow-dung/urine based (Jeevamrit/Beejamrit) (d) NMNF is only applicable in irrigated areas

Explanation: Natural farming = zero external input, cow-based preparations. Organic farming allows external organic inputs and requires 3-year conversion + certification.

Q5. Consider the following about Nano DAP:

1. It was developed by NABARD.
2. It is applied as a foliar spray on leaves.
3. It contains nitrogen and phosphorus in nano form.

Which are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3

Explanation: Nano DAP developed by IFFCO (not NABARD); it IS foliar spray and contains N + P in nano form.

Q6. Under PM Fasal Bima Yojana, the maximum premium payable by a farmer for Kharif food crops is: (a) 1% (b) 2% (c) 5% (d) No cap; actuarial premium applies

Explanation: 2% for Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi, 5% for commercial/horticulture. The remaining actuarial premium is shared equally by Centre and state.

Q7. The Ethanol Blending Programme (E20) targets 20% blending of ethanol in: (a) Petrol only (b) Diesel only (c) Both petrol and diesel (d) Aviation turbine fuel

Explanation: E20 is 20% ethanol in petrol. India does not blend ethanol in diesel (unlike Brazil which has biodiesel blending).

Q8. Which of the following bodies is responsible for approving the environmental release of GM crops in India? (a) FSSAI (b) DBT (Department of Biotechnology) (c) GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee) under MoEFCC (d) ICAR

Explanation: GEAC under MoEFCC is the apex body for biosafety clearance of GM organisms.

Q9. With respect to the WTO Public Stockholding issue:

1. India's rice procurement at MSP exceeds the WTO's 10% de minimis.
2. The Bali Peace Clause (2013) provides permanent protection to India.

Which is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 1 only (c) 2 only (d) Both 1 and 2

Explanation: Statement 1 correct; the peace clause is an interim mechanism, not permanent protection.

Q10. The Agriculture Infrastructure Fund is best described as: (a) A direct government expenditure of ₹1 lakh crore on warehouses (b) A credit-linked financing facility with 3% interest subvention for farm-gate infrastructure (c) A grant scheme that gives 50% subsidy on cold storages (d) A scheme exclusively for FCI godown construction

Explanation: AIF is a loan facility (not direct expenditure); banks lend with government providing 3% interest subvention.

Q11. Consider the following statements about ONORC:

1. It allows NFSA beneficiaries to lift their quota from any FPS in India.
2. It increases the total entitlement of foodgrain for migrant workers.

Which is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither

Explanation: ONORC provides portability (lift from any FPS), NOT additional entitlement.

Q12. Which of the following about India's bamboo sector is correct?

1. India is the largest bamboo producer in the world.
2. After the 2017 IFA amendment, bamboo grown outside forests does not require a felling permit.
3. NE India has 67% of India's bamboo area.

Which are correct? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2, and 3 (d) 2 only

Explanation: India is 2nd (after China) in bamboo. Statements 2 and 3 are correct.

Q13. Biofortification refers to: (a) Genetic modification of crops to produce pharmaceutical compounds (b) Breeding crop varieties with enhanced micronutrient content through conventional methods (c) Application of nano-fertilisers to increase mineral content in soil (d) Coating harvested grains with vitamin supplements before distribution

Explanation: Biofortification uses conventional breeding/marker-assisted selection to enhance iron, zinc, Vitamin A etc. in crops.

Q14. Which of the following is the correct match? (a) Swarna-Sub1 — Drought-tolerant rice (b) Sahbhagi Dhan — Salinity-tolerant rice (c) Swarna-Sub1 — Submergence-tolerant rice (d) Sahbhagi Dhan — Cold-tolerant rice

Explanation: Swarna-Sub1 = flood/submergence tolerant (14 days); Sahbhagi Dhan = drought tolerant.

Q15. As per Agriculture Census 2021-22, the percentage of small and marginal farmers (holding ≤2 ha) in India is approximately: (a) 65% (b) 75% (c) 87% (d) 95%

Explanation: Small & marginal farmers constitute 87.3% of all operational holdings; operate ~50% of cropped area.

End of Chapter F — Agriculture & Food Systems Next chapter: G — Social Justice & Welfare